Methods Of Teaching

 

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According To Education Experts

There are two major aspects of teaching:

1. Teacher-Centered Method

2. Student-Centered Method

In the past, teacher-centered methods held more importance, but in modern times, student-centered approaches are considered more effective.

Below is an introduction to 35 methods of teaching:

1. Storytelling Method:

In this method, children are taught through stories, which align well with their psychology. Stories about ideal personalities, social workers, kings, and moral lessons are especially effective. The primary goal is to inspire and engage students. Stories should match the students' language and comprehension level and are usually suitable for children around 6 years old.

Features:

· Focuses on specific themes

· Encourages creativity

· Enhances vocabulary

2. Textbook Method:

Here, teachers read the textbook aloud and explain important points. Students also get the chance to read. The text should be written in simple language, age-appropriate, and visually engaging.

3. Lecture Method (Chalk & Talk):

Teachers verbally explain topics in class, using examples.

Features:

· Must be systematic and logical

· Effective for large groups 

Drawbacks:

· Can be boring

· Promotes passive listening rather than active learning

· Teacher-centered

· Doesn't enhance student comprehension

4. Demonstration Method:

Learning is provided by showing objects or activities, such as using a globe or map in geography.

Drawbacks:

· Limited hands-on activity

· Observation-only approach

· Observation depends on the teacher

· Not suitable for all subjects

5. Tutorial Method:

Students are divided into groups and taught collectively rather than individually.

Two Types:

· Homogeneous Groups (same level)

· Heterogeneous Groups (mixed abilities)
The second type is preferred to help weaker students learn through peers.

6. Question & Answer Method:

Invented by Socrates, who believed hidden knowledge could be drawn out through questions. This is both teacher and student-centered.

Benefits:

· Encourages curiosity

· Enhances mutual learning

7. Discussion Method:

Teaching occurs through debates and discussions among students and teachers.

Benefits:

· Open-minded dialogue

· Develops leadership

· Teaches tolerance and listening

· Measures behavior and expression

· Encourages logical thinking

8. Heuristic Method:

Introduced by H.E. Armstrong, also known as the Problem-Solving Method. Students explore and analyze problems to discover facts, learning through trial and error.

Benefit: Builds confidence and critical thinking

9. Discovery Method:

Focuses on exploring existing facts, mostly used in social sciences. Unlike the heuristic method (used in sciences to create new laws), it emphasizes historical facts.

Key Differences:

· Discovery = understanding past facts

· Heuristic = creating new insights

· Discovery is about interpretation; heuristic is about innovation

10. Project Method:

Developed by William Heard Kilpatrick, this student-centered method involves group projects connected to real-life situations.

Difference from Heuristic:

· Group-based vs. individual

· Real problems vs. hypothetical ones

Features:

· Creativity

· Enjoyment

· Problem-solving

· Specific learning

11. Role Play & Dramatization Method:

Instead of lectures, students act out scenarios. Observers analyze the performance. Used in teacher training and develops observation and practical skills.

Founder: Jacob L. Moreno

12. Brainstorming Method:

Founded by Alex Faickney Osborn (in his book Applied Imagination, 1953). Groups are formed, and each member shares ideas on a topic.

Benefits:

· Encourages speaking and idea-sharing

· Enhances group collaboration

· Builds confidence

· Clarifies misunderstandings

· Allows knowledge assessment

13. Drill Method (Military Style):

Students practice rules and regulations taught in class under teacher supervision. Enhances confidence and practical application.

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14. Inductive Method:

Attributed to Aristotle and Francis Bacon. Also known as the Scientific Method. Starts with examples, then leads to rules.

Advantage: Promotes critical thinking and creativity

15. Deductive Method:

Aristotle also developed this method. In this approach, a general rule is presented first, followed by examples that explain the rule. It moves from general to specific. It saves students' time and requires less effort. However, the scope of thinking is limited, and it does not encourage creative thinking.

Advantage: Saves time, but limits creative thinking

16. Problem Solving Method

In this method, a problem is presented to the students, and they are asked to find a solution. The student independently attempts to resolve the issue. Sometimes, the teacher may give hints. This method develops the student's ability to think critically and analytically.

17. Field Trip or Excursion Method

In this approach, students are taken on educational trips. They are asked to collect data and observe in real-world settings. It combines education with recreation, and knowledge is gained through direct interaction with nature.

18. Play Way Method

Developed by Friedrich Froebel, this method teaches children through games, considering their psychological development. It is also known as the Kindergarten Method. In this method, play is primary and education is secondary, allowing children to learn joyfully and naturally.

19. Montessori Method

Dr. Maria Montessori introduced this method. It emphasizes learning through the five senses—sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. Children explore and learn independently using specially designed materials. It promotes freedom within limits and encourages self-discipline and motivation in children.

20. Dalton Plan Method

Helen Parkhurst in the USA developed this method. In this approach, students are given academic freedom. They work independently according to a fixed plan and period. Teachers act as mentors and guides. This method develops a sense of responsibility, self-reliance, and time management in students.

21. Kindergarten Method

As a foundational method, this system is aimed at early childhood education (ages 3 to 6). The child learns through songs, stories, games, and activities that are consistent with their physical and mental development. Friedrich Froebel is considered the founder of this method.

22. Laboratory Method

This method is mainly used in science education. Students are asked to perform experiments in a lab setting to verify principles and concepts. It promotes learning by doing and strengthens scientific observation, analysis, and reasoning.

23. Team Teaching Method

In this approach, two or more teachers plan and teach together. They share content and delivery. It encourages collaboration between teachers and enables students to receive input from multiple perspectives.

24. Activity-Based Teaching Method

In this method, students engage in hands-on activities to learn concepts. It promotes active participation, enhances practical skills, and improves understanding through real-world applications.

25. Programmed Instruction Method

This method uses a planned sequence of instructional content delivered through books, charts, or computers. It allows for self-paced learning and is effective in developing independent study habits.

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26. Peer Teaching Method

In this method, students teach each other under the supervision of the teacher. It builds confidence, strengthens understanding, and encourages cooperative learning.

27. Contract Teaching Method

In this approach, the teacher and student sign a learning contract. The student commits to completing certain tasks within a specified time. It fosters a sense of responsibility, discipline, and goal setting.

28. Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) Method

This method uses computer technology to assist teaching. Multimedia content is used to enhance learning. It is interactive, self-paced, and can accommodate different learning styles.

29. Inquiry-Based Learning Method

In this method, students are encouraged to ask questions, investigate, and discover answers themselves. It builds critical thinking, problem solving, and independent research skills.

30. Simulation Method

This method imitates real-life situations in a controlled environment. Students participate in mock scenarios to learn decision-making and behavior in actual situations—useful in fields like medicine, business, and military training.

31. Game-Based Learning Method

Games are used as a medium for instruction. Through structured play, students develop cognitive, emotional, and social skills. It enhances engagement and retention of knowledge.

32. Experiential Learning Method

Students learn through experiences, reflections, and application. This approach involves direct encounter with the phenomena being studied, rather than merely thinking about the encounter.

33. Microteaching Method

This technique is especially useful in teacher training. A teacher practices teaching a small group for a brief time, focusing on a specific skill. It is recorded and reviewed to provide feedback and improvement.

34. Flipped Classroom Method

In this method, students study content at home through videos or reading, and then do related activities or discussions in the classroom. It reverses traditional learning methods and promotes interactive learning.

35. Blended Learning Method

This combines traditional classroom teaching with digital tools and online learning. It offers flexibility, caters to different learning styles, and enhances student engagement through multimedia and interactivity.

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~ Conclusion:

These 35 methods reflect the evolving nature of education. The emphasis today is on student-centered learning that encourages creativity, participation, and critical thinking. Teachers can choose and combine these methods based on the subject, students' needs, and available resources to create a more effective and engaging learning environment.

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