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Ernest
Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American journalist,
novelist, and short-story writer. His economical and understated style—which he
termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while
his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from
later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s
and the mid-1950s, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He
published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two non-fiction works.
Three of his novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works
were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of
American literature.
Hemingway
was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few
months for The Kansas City Star before leaving for the Italian Front to enlist
as an ambulance driver in World War I. In 1918, he was seriously wounded and
returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A
Farewell to Arms (1929).
In 1921,
he married Hadley Richardson, the first of what would be four wives. The couple
moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the
influence of the modernist writers and artists of the 1920s "Lost
Generation" expatriate community. His debut novel, The Sun Also Rises, was
published in 1926. After his 1927 divorce from Richardson, Hemingway married
Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War,
where he had been a journalist. He based For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) on his
experience there. Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they separated
after he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the
Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris.
Shortly
after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Hemingway went on
safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes
that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway
maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida (in the 1930s) and Cuba
(in the 1940s and 1950s). In 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where,
in mid-1961, he shot himself in the head.
Life ...
Early Life :- Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park,
Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a
physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were
well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a conservative community about
which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said, "So many churches for so many good
people to go to." For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and
Grace Hemingway lived with Grace's father, Ernest Hall, their first son's
namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, which he
"associated with the naive, even foolish hero of Oscar Wilde's play The
Importance of Being Earnest". The family eventually moved into a
seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace
and a medical office for Clarence.
Hemingway's
mother frequently performed in concerts around the village. As an adult,
Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds
points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. Her insistence
that he learn to play the cello became a "source of conflict", but he
later admitted the music lessons were useful to his writing, as is evident in
the "contrapuntal structure" of For Whom the Bell Tolls. The family
spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, Michigan.
Hemingway's father taught him to hunt, fish, and camp in the woods and lakes of
Northern Michigan as a young boy. These early experiences in nature instilled a
passion for outdoor adventure and living in remote or isolated areas.
From 1913
until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took
part in a number of sports such as boxing, track and field, water polo, and
football. He excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline,
performed in the school orchestra for two years. During his junior year he had
a journalism class, structured "as though the classroom were a newspaper
office," with better writers submitting pieces to the school newspaper,
The Trapeze. Hemingway and Marcelline both submitted pieces; Hemingway's first
piece, published in January 1916, was about a local performance by the Chicago
Symphony Orchestra. He edited the Trapeze and the Tabula (the yearbook), imitating
the language of sportswriters, taking the pen name Ring Lardner, Jr.—a nod to
Ring Lardner of the Chicago Tribune whose byline was "Line O'Type."
Like Mark
Twain, Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, and Sinclair Lewis, Hemingway was a
journalist before becoming a novelist. After leaving high school he went to
work for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter. Although he stayed there for
only six months, he relied on the Star's style guide as a foundation for his
writing: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous
English. Be positive, not negative."
Tags :- Ernest
Miller Hemingway, An American Journalist, Novelist, Short-Story Writer,
Economical And Understated Style, Iceberg Theory, 20th-Century Fiction,
Adventurous Lifestyle And His Public Image, Admiration From Later Generations, Hemingway
Produced Most Of His Work Between The Mid-1920s And The Mid-1950s, Won The Nobel
Prize In Literature In 1954, Hemingway Published Seven Novels, Six Short-Story
Collections, Two Non-Fiction Works, Three Of His Novels, Four Short Story
Collections, Three Non-Fiction Works,
Published Posthumously, Classics Of American Literature,
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