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On
May 16, 2011, Professor of Physics Emeritus Walter Lewin returned to MIT
lecture hall 26-100 for a physics talk and book signing, complete with some of
his most famous physics demonstrations to celebrate the publication of his new
book For The Love Of Physics: From the End of the Rainbow to the Edge of Time -
A Journey Through the Wonders of Physics, written with Warren Goldstein.
Walter
Hendrik Gustav Lewin (born January 29, 1936) is a Dutch astrophysicist and
former professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Lewin
earned his doctorate in nuclear physics in 1965 at the Delft University of
Technology and was a member of MIT's physics faculty for 43 years beginning in
1966 until his retirement in 2009.
Lewin's
contributions in astrophysics include the first discovery of a rotating neutron
star through all-sky balloon surveys and research in X-ray detection in
investigations through satellites and observatories.
Lewin
has received awards for teaching and is known for his lectures on physics and
their publication online via YouTube, edX and MIT OpenCourseWare.
In
December 2014, MIT revoked Lewin's Professor Emeritus title after an MIT investigation
determined that Lewin had violated university policy by sexually harassing an
online student in an online MITx course he taught in fall 2013.
Early
Life And Education :- Lewin was born to Walter Simon Lewin and Pieternella
Johanna van der Tang in 1936 in The Hague, Netherlands. He was a child when
Nazi Germany occupied The Netherlands during World War II. His paternal
grandparents Gustav and Emma Lewin, who were Jewish, were killed in Auschwitz
in 1942. To protect the family, Lewin's father simply left one day without
telling anyone, leaving his mother to raise the children.
Academic
Career :- Walter Lewin taught Physics in High School while studying for his
PhD, then he went to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in January 1966 as a
post-doctoral associate, and was appointed an Assistant Professor. He was
promoted to Associate Professor of Physics in 1968 and to full Professor in
1974.
At
MIT, Lewin joined the X-ray astronomy group and conducted all-sky balloon
surveys with George W. Clark. Through the late seventies, there were about
twenty successful balloon flights. These balloon surveys led to the discovery
of five new X-ray sources, whose spectra were very different from the X-ray
sources discovered during rocket observations. The X-ray flux of these sources
were variable. Among them was GX 1+4 whose X-ray flux appeared to be periodic
with a period of about 2.4 minutes. This was the first discovery of a slowly
rotating neutron star.
In
October 1967 when Scorpius X-1 was observed, an X-ray flare was detected. The
flux went up by a factor of about 4 in ten minutes after which it declined
again. This was the first detection of X-ray variability observed during the
observations. The rockets used by other researchers could not have discovered
that the X-ray sources varied on such short time scales because they were only
up for several minutes, whereas the balloons could be in the air for many
hours.
Lewin
was co-investigator on the Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-3) project. He
directed the burst observations and discovered several X-ray bursters, among
them was the Rapid Burster which can produce thousands of X-ray bursts in one
day. His group also discovered that the Rapid Burster produces two types of
bursts and established a classification of bursts as type I (thermonuclear
flashes) and type II (accretion flow instabilities).
Lewin
was Co-Principal Investigator on High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 HEAO-1
(A4), which has yielded the first all sky catalog at high-energy X rays. With
H. Pedersen and J. van Paradijs, Lewin made extensive studies of optical bursts
which are associated with X-ray bursts; for X-ray detections they used SAS-3
and the Japanese Observatory "Hakucho". Their combined burst
observations demonstrated that the optical bursts are a few seconds delayed
relative to the X-ray bursts. This established the size of the accretion disc
surrounding the accreting neutron stars.
In
his search for millisecond X-ray pulsations from low-mass X-ray binaries, in
1984–85 Lewin made guest observations with the European Observatory EXOSAT in
collaboration with colleagues from Amsterdam and Garching, Germany. This led to
the unexpected discovery of intensity-dependent Quasi-periodic oscillations
(QPO) in the X-ray flux of GX 5-1. During 1989 to 1992, using the Japanese
Observatory "Ginga", Lewin and his co-workers studied the relation
between the X-ray spectral state and the radio brightness of several bright
low-mass X-ray binaries.
Lewin
was closely involved in ROSAT observations of the nearby galaxies M31 and
Messier 81. Lewin and his graduate student Eugene Magnier have made deep
optical charge-coupled device observations of M31 in four colors; they have
published a catalogue of 500,000 objects. Lewin and his graduate student David
Pooley initiated the successful X-ray observations within six days of the
appearance of supernova SN 1993J in M81.
Lewin
collaborated with his close friend Jan van Paradijs of the University of
Amsterdam from 1978 until van Paradijs' death. They co-authored 150 papers.
He
became a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and
Sciences in 1993 and a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1993.
Lewin
and graduate student Jeffrey Kommers have worked on data from the Compton Gamma
Ray Observatory (GRO). This was a collaboration with the BATSE Group in
Huntsville, AL. In early December 1995, with co-workers Chryssa Kouveliotou and
Van Paradijs, they discovered a new type of X-ray burst source: (GRO J1744-28)
the Bursting Pulsar, and received a NASA Achievement Award for this discovery.
In
1996–1998, Lewin's collaboration with Michiel van der Klis in Amsterdam led to
the discovery of kHz oscillations in many X-ray binaries.
Using
the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Lewin and his graduate student David Pooley made
extensive studies of supernovae and faint X-ray sources in globular clusters.
This research was done in collaboration with scientists from the University of
Washington, IAS in Princeton, UC Berkeley, the University of Amsterdam and
Utrecht in The Netherlands, and the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington,
DC. The research on supernovae produced the first X-ray spectrum with
unprecedented energy resolution of SN 1989S. The research on Globular Clusters
demonstrated that X-ray binary stars are cooked in the cores of the clusters
where the stellar density is very high.
With
graduate student Jon Miller, Lewin made extensive studies of black-hole X-ray
binaries in our galaxy. Evidence was found for spectral distortions of the iron
line (in X-rays) indicative of the influence of general relativity on the
iron-line emission in the vicinity of the "event horizon" of the
black holes. This research on black-hole binaries is continuing using all available
observatories in orbit - among them: Chandra, the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
(RXTE), and the European observatories XMM-Newton, Integral and NuSTAR.
Lewin
has published about 450 scientific articles as of 2014.
Awards
:- On April 3, 2012, Lewin was ranked by the Princeton Review among "The
Best 300". He was the only MIT faculty member (albeit, retired) to make it
to that list.
Lectures
:- For about 15 years (starting in 1982) Lewin was on MIT Cable TV, with every
week a different 1-hour program. They were aired 24 hours per day helping
freshmen with their weekly homework assignments (they were called "Help
Sessions"). Walter Lewin's 1992 lectures on Newtonian Mechanics
(co-lectured with Bob Ledoux) and Lewin's "Help Sessions" have been
shown for over six years (starting in 1995) on UWTV in Seattle, WA, reaching an
audience of about four million people. Years later, Bill Gates wrote Lewin that
he watched him very frequently on UWTV. Lewin personally responded to thousands
of e-mail requests that he received per year from UWTV viewers. Videos of
Lewin's 94 lectures on Newtonian Mechanics (1999), Electricity and Magnetism
(2002) and the Physics of Vibrations and Waves (2004), among others, could be
viewed on the MIT OpenCourseWare web site until MIT removed them after finding
that Lewin had sexually harassed a student in the online course. The videos can
also be viewed on YouTube, iTunes and Earth Academic.
Several
of Lewin's lectures have been viewed more than a million times. As of July 2018
his 2011 farewell lecture "For the Love of Physics" has been viewed
more than 6 million times on the YouTube channel "For the Allure of
Physics. Many of his lectures can be viewed online on his personal YouTube
channel. In 2007, The New York Times featured Lewin on the front page, talking
about his massive influence on online education.
Two
of Lewin's courses were converted into edX courses, 8.01x (classical mechanics)
and 8.02x (electricity and magnetism). People who pass "x" courses
receive a certificate from MIT. Lewin's course on Electricity and Magnetism
went online in February 2013, Newtonian Mechanics is online as of September
2013. As of May 2014, there were yet no plans to convert 8.03 "Vibrations
and Waves" into an edX course.
Videos
of Lewin’s lectures on Videos on Teaching Excellence at MIT, YouTube and iTunes
U have been viewed more than 12 million times by people all over the world —
including Bill Gates, who has confessed to repeated viewings.
In
the summer of 2012, Lewin returned from his retirement to deliver a lecture
series initiated and funded by the Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK).
Each lecture features a selection of physics demonstrations that Lewin has used
in his more than 43 years of teaching Physics at MIT. The lectures consist of 8
TV programs that were broadcast in Japanese on NHK in Japan in 2013. As of
2015, a region 2 DVD box set of this series is available in Japanese, with an
optional partial English audio track and English subtitles.
In
early December, 2014, MIT announced that it had determined that Lewin engaged
in online sexual harassment of an online MITx learner in violation of MIT's
policies. Inside Higher Ed reported that this learner was one of many (at least
10) female students to whom Lewin had sent inappropriate messages. The alleged
victim, who said that she was a 32-year-old woman living in France and that she
came forward to ensure the case is not forgotten, asserted that Lewin pushed
her to participate in sexual role-playing. As a consequence of its internal
investigation, MIT revoked Lewin's professor emeritus title and indefinitely
removed his lectures from the institute's online learning platforms. However,
Lewin's lectures are readily available on several websites. In 2017, his
lectures on the 2 leading YouTube Channels, & his personal YouTube channel,
average approximately 700 thousand views per month.
Personal
Life :- Lewin is an art enthusiast and collector. He has lectured on the
subject at MIT. In the 1970s and 1980s, he collaborated with the artists Otto
Piene (born in Germany), who was one of the founders of the ZERO movement and
the director of MIT's Center for Advanced Visual Studies, and Peter Struycken
(Dutch), who is a computer artist.
Tags
:- Walter Hendrik Gustav Lewin, Walter Lewin (Academic), Physics (Field Of
Study), For The Love Of Physics, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
(College/University), Walter Lewin Lectures On Physics, Mechanics (Field Of
Study), Classical Mechanics, Electromagnetism (Literature Subject), Wave
(Literature Subject), Vibration, University (Building Function), Electricity
And Magnetism, Sexual Harassment, Broadcast In Japanese On NHK In Japan,
Classical Mechanics, Black-Hole X-Ray Binaries In Our Galaxy,
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