The Bahá'í calendar, also called the Badí' calendar, used by the Bahá'í Faith, is a solar calendar with regular years of 365 days, and leap years of 366 days. Years are composed of 19 months of 19 days each, (361 days) plus an extra period of "Intercalary Days" (4 in regular and 5 in leap years). Years in the calendar begin at the vernal equinox, and are counted with the date notation of BE (Bahá'í Era), with March 21, 1844 CE being the first day of the first year.[1] The period from March 21, 2010 to March 20, 2011 is the year 167 BE. At present, the Bahá'í calendar is synchronized to the Gregorian calendar, meaning that the extra day of a leap year occurs simultaneously in both calendars.
History
The Bahá'í calendar started from the original Badí' calendar, created by the Báb.[2] Bahá'u'lláh confirmed and adopted this calendar and made Naw-Rúz the first day of the year, and also clarified the intercalary days.[2][3]
Bahá'u'lláh set Naw-Rúz to the day on which the sun passes into the constellation Aries. Bahá'ís interpret this formula as a specification of the vernal equinox.[3]
Although the vernal equinox can occur on March 20, 21 or 22, Shoghi Effendi declared that, for the time being, the Badí' calendar is 'locked' to the Gregorian calendar with the new year always starting at sunset on 20 March.[4] Without this, the calendar could vary by a day or two when compared to the Gregorian calendar. The implementation of the variable calendar with respect to the beginning of Naw-Rúz will require the Universal House of Justice selecting a single location for the fixing of the date of the equinox.[3] This 'locked' calendar is the one described in this article.
Years in the Bahá'í calendar are counted from Thursday, 21 March 1844, the beginning of the Bahá'í Era or Badí' Era (abbreviated BE or B.E.).[1] Year 1 BE thus began at sundown 20 March 1844. Using the Bahá'í names for the weekday and month, day one of the Bahá'í Era was Istijlál (Majesty), 1 Bahá (Splendour) 1 BE. As detailed below, the names of the Bahá'í months and days reflect attributes of God.[5]
Months
The Bahá'í calendar is composed of 19 months, each with 19 days.[6] The Nineteen Day Fast is held during the final month of 'Alá' (2 March – 20 March), and is preceded by the intercalary days, known as Ayyám-i-Há. There are four intercalary days in a regular year, and five in a leap year.[6] The introduction of intercalation marked an important break from Islam, as under the Islamic calendar the practice of intercalation had been specifically prohibited in the Qur'an.[2] The month of fasting is followed by Naw-Rúz, the new year. Because the calendar is currently synchronized with the Gregorian calendar, the Bahá'í leap years happen on common era leap years. In addition, the intercalary days include 28 February and 1 March, causing precise synchronization of the 19 months with the Gregorian calendar.
The names of the months were taken by the Báb from the Du'ay-i-Sahar, a Ramadan dawn prayer by Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (the fifth Imam).[7][8]
| Arabic Name[6] | Arabic Script | English Translation[6] | Gregorian Dates[6] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bahá | بهاء | Splendour | 21 March – 8 April |
| Jalál | جلال | Glory | 9 April – 27 April |
| Jamál | جمال | Beauty | 28 April – 16 May |
| 'Aẓamat | عظمة | Grandeur | 17 May – 4 June |
| Núr | نور | Light | 5 June – 23 June |
| Raḥmat | رحمة | Mercy | 24 June – 12 July |
| Kalimát | كلمات | Words | 13 July – 31 July |
| Kamál | كمال | Perfection | 1 August – 19 August |
| Asmá' | اسماء | Names | 20 August – 7 September |
| 'Izzat | عزة | Might | 8 September – 26 September |
| Mashíyyat | مشية | Will | 27 September – 15 October |
| 'Ilm | علم | Knowledge | 16 October – 3 November |
| Qudrat | قدرة | Power | 4 November – 22 November |
| Qawl | قول | Speech | 23 November – 11 December |
| Masá'il | مسائل | Questions | 12 December – 30 December |
| Sharaf | شرف | Honour | 31 December – 18 January |
| Sulṭán | سلطان | Sovereignty | 19 January – 6 February |
| Mulk | ملك | Dominion | 7 February – 25 February |
| Ayyám-i-Há | ايام الهاء | The Days of Há | 26 February – 1 March |
| 'Alá' | علاء | Loftiness | 2 March – 20 March (Month of fasting) |
Holy days
There are eleven holy days in the Bahá'í calendar on nine of which work is suspended.[9] The Festival of Ridván, a twelve day festival that commemorates Bahá'u'lláh's announcement of prophethood, is the most holy Bahá'í festival and is referred to as the "Most Great Festival."[10]
On the Islamic lunar calendar, the births of the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh fall on consecutive days; the first and second day of Muharram, respectively.[11] The Universal House of Justice has decided to celebrate them on the solar calendar, but has the authority to change the observance to the lunar calendar days, which migrate through the solar calendar by 11 or 12 days each year.
| Name[9] | Gregorian Dates[9] | Work Suspended[9] |
|---|---|---|
| Naw-Rúz (Bahá'í New Year) | March 21 | Yes |
| First day of Riḍván (Arabic: رضوان) | April 21 | Yes |
| Ninth day of Riḍván | April 29 | Yes |
| Twelfth day of Riḍván | May 2 | Yes |
| Declaration of the Báb | May 23 | Yes |
| Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh | May 29 | Yes |
| Martyrdom of the Báb | July 9 | Yes |
| Birth of the Báb | October 20 | Yes |
| Birth of Bahá'u'lláh | November 12 | Yes |
| Day of the Covenant | November 26 | No |
| Ascension of `Abdu'l-Bahá | November 28 | No |
Weekdays
The Bahá'í week starts on Saturday, and ends on Friday.[12] Days begin at sunset on the previous solar day and end at sunset of the present solar day. Like Islam, Friday is also the day of rest in the Bahá'í Faith.[13][14]
| Arabic Name[12] | Arabic Script | English Translation[12] | Day of the Week[12] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jalál | جلال | Glory | Saturday |
| Jamál | جمال | Beauty | Sunday |
| Kamál | كمال | Perfection | Monday |
| Fiḍál | فضال | Grace | Tuesday |
| 'Idál | عدال | Justice | Wednesday |
| Istijlál | استجلال | Majesty | Thursday |
| Istiqlál | استقلال | Independence | Friday |
Váḥid and Kull-i-Shay'
Also existing in the Bahá'í calendar system is a 19-year cycle called Váḥid and a 361-year (19x19) supercycle called Kull-i-Shay' (literally, "All Things").[12] Each of the 19 years in a Vahid has been given a name as shown in the table below.[12] The 9th Váḥid of the 1st Kull-i-Shay' started on 21 March 1996, and the 10th Váḥid will begin in 2015.[15] The current Bahá'í year, year 167 BE (21 March 2010 - 20 March 2011), is year Vidád of the 9th Váḥid of the 1st Kull-i-Shay'.[15] The 2nd Kull-i-Shay' will begin in 2205.[15]
The concept of a 19-year cycle has existed in some form since the 4th century BC. The Metonic cycle represents an invented measure that approximately correlates solar and lunar markings of time and which appears in several calendar systems.
- Years in a Váḥid
| No. | Persian Name | Arabic Script | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alif | ألف | A |
| 2 | Bá' | باء | B |
| 3 | Ab | أب | Father |
| 4 | Dál | دﺍﻝ | D |
| 5 | Báb | باب | Gate |
| 6 | Váv | وﺍو | V |
| 7 | Abad | أبد | Eternity |
| 8 | Jád | جاد | Generosity |
| 9 | Bahá' | بهاء | Splendour |
| 10 | Ḥubb | حب | Love |
| 11 | Bahháj | بهاج | Delightful |
| 12 | Javáb | جواب | Answer |
| 13 | Aḥad | احد | Single |
| 14 | Vahháb | وﻫﺎب | Bountiful |
| 15 | Vidád | وداد | Affection |
| 16 | Badí' | بديء | Beginning |
| 17 | Bahí | بهي | Luminous |
| 18 | Abhá | ابهى | Most Luminous |
| 19 | Váḥid | واحد | Unity |
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