Saturday, January 8, 2011

Models Of Management - The Johari Window

What is the Johari Window?

02._thejohariwindow03_142The Johari Window is a model for explaining the different ways people approach self-awareness and feedback. It was designed by two Californian psychologists, Jo Luft and Harry Ingham (hence Jo-Hari) and originally published in 1959.

Explain The Model, Please

Originally, Luft and Ingham devised a psychological tool for self-help groups in which the subject and his or her observers were given a list of 56 adjectives. The list included words like "bold", "cheerful", "confident", "sentimental", "sympathetic" and so on. Both the subject and observers then selected 5 or 6 adjectives that fitted their view of the subject. These adjectives were then mapped onto a grid.

The 4 Panes Model Of The Johari Window

The grid on which the adjectives were plotted looks like a square composed of four windows. One way to understand the grid is to imagine yourself as the subject looking in from the left and your observers looking down from the top. You can only both see so far, your line being vertical from top to bottom and their line being horizontal from side to side. Now you have a window with four panes showing the following:

• at the top left, things that are known to you and known to others. In Luft and Ingham's self-help groups, this is where adjectives selected by both you and your observers would go. This is your "open" arena.

• at the top right, things that are known to others but not you. These would be adjectives selected by your observers but not you. This is your "blind spot" area.

• at the bottom left, things that are known to you but not others. These would be adjectives selected by you but not others and is your facade or mask area.

• at the bottom right, things that are not known to others or you, ie things that either remain as potential or well and truly hidden. This is your unknown area.

The Johari Window In Self-Development

The most valuable use of the Johari Window is as a tool in self-development. We can use the knowledge of the four windows as a way of finding out more about how others see us in our blind spot, being more willing to open up our facades, and exploring our unknown areas. We can either do it across all our relationships or in a particular relationship where we want to be more open. The tool can be highly beneficial. People who are in the process of enlarging their open areas for themselves and others are usually regarded as happier, more giving, and with better relationships.

Thanks to ManageTrainLearn



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Models Of Management - Tuckman's Forming-Storming Model

Tuckman's Forming-Storming model of group development was proposed by Bruce Tuckman, an American psychologist, in 1965. It was his way of explaining how one-off groups come together for a particular purpose, and move through stages of challenges, problems, and conflicts, to ultimately achieve their purpose. It is one of the most widely-known models of management and invaluable for anyone who is responsible for building teams.

The 5 stages of the Tuckman Forming-Storming model of group development are:

1) Forming
2) Storming
3) Norming
4) Performing
5) Adjourning

1. The Forming Stage

In a one-off group, - such as a project, a week-long training course, a new functional team - the forming stage is when people come together for the first time. The atmosphere is wintry, cold and formal. Suspicion, distrust, caution and fear may exist. The main direction of interaction is between individuals and the team leader. Teams can get stuck at the forming stage if trust is low and there is no impetus for development.

2. The Storming Stage

At the storming stage of team development, the group starts to sort itself out. Members of the group start to wonder if they can gain something from being in the group. Instinctive reactions, for and against others, arise. There are differences about exactly how to proceed and whose ideas will dominate.

3. The Norming Stage

After the arguments of the storming stage of team development, growing teams start to emerge with a clear purpose. Agreement is reached on who does what and how. People start to see what they can personally gain from belonging to the team. There are the beginnings of putting others' needs ahead of one's own within the framework of mutual gain.

4. The Performing Stage

At the performing stage of team development, people start to see that the reason for the group's existence is to perform and that through performance, their customers can gain something and so can they. Members now put the team ahead of themselves. They are ready to accept a high level of uncertainty because they face challenges together. There is a high level of accepting others, listening to others, and helping others.

5. The Adjourning Stage

While some teams manage to prolong their success for some time, it is in the nature of organizational life for complacency and self-satisfaction to creep in once a team reaches a winning level. Then it becomes important to look to the future by disbanding and starting the growth cycle once more. Features of disbandment include: re-forming the team to meet new conditions from outside; setting new objectives for existing teams; facing up to changes in the environment; recognizing the team's sense of loss when it disbands; letting the past go.

The Impact of Tuckman's Model

Tuckman's Forming-Storming Model of Group Development has become a blueprint for how teams develop. It is especially of value for helping group leaders identify stages that a group is at as a way of leading them forward. In 1998, the Boy Scouts of America adopted the model for their national Wood Badge syllabus for scout leaders.

Thanks to ManageTrainLearn


 


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Notable Events - From Jan 09 To Jan 15

January 09, 1894 - The New England Telephone and Telegraph Company put the first battery-operated switchboard into operation in Lexington, MA.

January 09, 1902 - New York State introduced a bill to outlaw flirting in public.

January 09, 1929 - The Seeing Eye was incorporated in Nashville, TN. The company's purpose was to train dogs to guide the blind.

January 09, 1937 - The first issue of LOOK went on sale. Within a month, Look became a biweekly magazine.

January 09, 1984 - Clara Peller was first seen by TV viewers in the "Where's the Beef?" commercial campaign for Wendy's.

January 09, 1986 - Kodak got out of the instant camera business after 10 years due to a loss in a court battle that claimed that Kodak copied Polaroid patents.

January 09, 1995 - Russian cosmonaut Valeri Poliakov, 51, completed his 366th day in outer space aboard the Mir space station, breaking the record for the longest continuous time spent in outer space.

January 10, 1840 - The penny post, whereby mail was delivered at a standard charge rather than paid for by the recipient, began in Britain.

January 10, 1911 - Major Jimmie Erickson took the first photograph from an airplane while flying over San Diego, CA.

January 10, 1946 - The first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly took place with 51 nations represented.

January 10, 1951 - Donald Howard Rogers piloted the first passenger jet on a trip from Chicago to New York City.

January 10, 1969 - The final issue of The Saturday Evening Post appeared after 147 years of publication.

January 10, 2000 - It was announced that AOL and Time Warner were merging. It was the largest media deal in U.S. history priced at $111 billion. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved the deal on December 14, 2000.

January 11, 1569 - England's first state lottery was held.

January 11, 1878 - In New York, milk was delivered in glass bottles for the first time by Alexander Campbell.

January 11, 1902 - "Popular Mechanics" magazine was published for the first time.

January 11, 1935 - Amelia Earhart Putnam became the first woman to fly solo from Hawaii to California.

January 11, 1963 - The Whiskey-a-Go-Go nightclub opened in Los Angeles, CA. It is recognized as the first disco in the U.S.

January 11, 1967 - Jimi Hendrix recorded "Purple Haze."

January 12, 1773 - The first public museum in America was established in Charleston, SC.

January 12, 1896 - At Davidson College, several students took x-ray photographs. They created the first X-ray photographs to be made in America.

January 12, 1948 - The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states could not discriminate against law-school applicants because of race.

January 12, 1966 - "Batman" debuted on ABC-TV.

January 12, 1968 - The Supremes appeared in an episode of "Tarzan" on NBC-TV. The ladies played a group of nuns.

January 12, 1971 - "All In the Family" debuted on CBS-TV.

January 12, 1991 - The U.S. Congress passed a resolution authorizing President Bush to use military power to force Iraq out of Kuwait.

January 12, 1999 - Mark McGwire's 70th home run ball was sold at auction in New York for $3 million to an anonymous bidder.

January 13, 1794 - U.S. President Washington approved a measure adding two stars and two stripes to the American flag, following the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the union.

January 13, 1854 - Anthony Faas of Philadelphia, PA, patented the accordion.

January 13, 1964 - The Beatles released "I Want To Hold Your Hand" in the U.S.

January 13, 1984 - Wayne Gretzky extended his consecutive scoring streak to 45 games.

January 13, 1986 - "The Wall Street Journal" printed a real picture on its front page. The journal had not done this in nearly 10 years. The story was about artist, O. Winston Link and featured one of his works.

January 13, 1998 - ABC and ESPN negotiated to keep "Monday Night Football" for $1.15 billion a season.

January 14, 1784 - The United States ratified a peace treaty with England ending the Revolutionary War.

January 14, 1914 - Henry Ford announced the newest advance in assembly line production of cars. The new method reduced assembly time of a car from 12½ hours to 93 minutes.

January 14, 1951 - The first National Football League Pro Bowl All-Star Game was played in Los Angeles, CA.

January 14, 1954 - Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio were married. The marriage only lasted nine months.

January 14, 1966 - David Jones changed his last name to Bowie to avoid confusion with Davy Jones from the Monkees.

January 14, 1970 - Diana Ross performed for the last time with the Supremes during a show in Las Vegas, NV.

January 14, 1973 - The Miami Dolphins became the first NFL team to go undefeated for an entire regular season.

January 15, 1559 - England's Queen Elizabeth I was crowned in Westminster Abbey.

January 15, 1844 - The University of Notre Dame received its charter from the state of Indiana.

January 15, 1943 - The Pentagon was dedicated as the world's largest office building just outside Washington, DC, in Arlington, VA. The structure covers 34 acres of land and has 17 miles of corridors.

January 15, 1953 - Harry S. Truman became the first U.S. President to use radio and television to give his farewell as he left office.

January 15, 1967 - The first Super Bowl was played. The Green Bay Packers of the National Football League defeated the Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League. The final score was 35-10.

January 15, 1973 - U.S. President Nixon announced the suspension of all U.S. offensive action in North Vietnam. He cited progress in peace negotiations as the reason.

January 15, 1974 - "Happy Days" premiered on ABC-TV.

January 15, 1987 - Paramount Home Video reported that it would place a commercial at the front of one of its video releases for the first time. It was a 30-second Diet Pepsi ad at the beginning of Top Gun.

Thanks to On-This-Day / Memories Of History
 

 


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Clear The Clutter Out Of Your Life

Organize And Simplify Your Life For Better Emotional Health.

Simi Nwogugu of Brooklyn, New York, felt that her life was filled with clutter. Her drawers were filled with old notes and books from business school and years of paid bills. Toys that her sons had outgrown still littered the house. In fact, she felt so mentally cluttered that she couldn't do the one thing she wanted: write.

To get out from under the clutter, the founder of HOD Consulting rented an expensive New York City office. Problem was, the clutter followed her.  Finally, she stopped trying to escape clutter and began to organize it.

"I know where everything is and it is so much more pleasing to work from home. Most of all, I am writing again," she says. Even her aching back and shoulders feel better.

When you can't find things, you can feel frustrated, angry, and unproductive, says Kelli Ellis, an Orange County, Calif., design psychologist who's appeared on TLC's Clean Sweep television show. "You see that person who has papers flying out of files, or you see their handbag, and you say, 'I know exactly what your car looks like or what your home office looks like.'" Clutter spills over into every aspect of life.

Clutter, both mental and physical, can do a number on our productivity and eat away at our time. Think of all the minutes we waste looking for items that aren't where they should be. Plus the sheer stress of a cluttered life means we may miss deadlines, work longer hours, and lose important stuff. Clutter equals stress. Where to start simplifying?

The Mind Is A Terrible Thing To Clutter

Between a zillion to-dos, work and family life, errant worries, and obligations, it's no wonder you have a cluttered mind. Start by learning to let go.

"To be truly happy, sometimes you must eliminate unhealthy people and situations from your life," says Alex Lluch, author of Secrets to Love Life and Be Happy. For instance, if you feel stuck in a dead-end job, resolve to make a change. 

Or if there's someone in your life who constantly brings you down with a negative attitude, find a way to disentangle yourself. "It may take some courage to eliminate this stuff from your life, but you will feel much more fulfilled once you are able to concentrate on the people and things that do make you happy."

Lluch advocates clean sweeping your thoughts with a hot bath, a meditation practice, a long walk, a phone call to a friend -- whatever works for you. Spend at least 15 minutes a day in a pursuit that allows you to decompress, clear your mind, and rid your thoughts of the mental chitchat that clouds your creativity, passion, and productivity.

De-Clutter Your Desk And Work Space

Whether you work from a home office or a tiny cubicle, there's no way you can be totally productive in a space that doesn't function for you. "I have never actually met anybody who is extremely successful who works in absolute chaos," says Ellis.

Sure, everyone has a junk drawer or a messy desk on occasion, but if your clutter is taking over, it's time to scale back.

When Nwogugu tackled her home office with a very organized friend, they compiled three separate stashes: what to keep, what to shred (sensitive information), and what to just throw away.

Follow a similar routine working from desk to files to shelves. Clear everything off and sort into appropriate stacks. Use file folders, three-ring notebooks, or magazine sorters to hold important papers. And immediately pitch what you don't need. Get creative with containers. Coffee mugs and decorative boxes hold everything from paper clips and tacks to business cards and pens.

Look toward vertical wall space as a new storage solution. "We tend to make piles," says Ellis. But piles are hard to address and papers within them become hidden. You can't pay a bill or return an important message if it's hidden at the bottom of a stack on your desk.

Instead, option wall space. Set bills in a hanging bin, keys on a hook, magazines in wall hangers. Now you can see and reach items easily.

Clean Out Clothing Skeletons In Your Cluttered Closet

If closets are your nemesis and yours could rival Vogue's accessory closet, you'll need to spend some time getting down and dirty. The first step to cleaning a closet is to take everything out. Then you can see what you have. Often you'll need to purchase storage boxes or organizing bins, shoe holders, or shelving. Don't forget plastic garbage bags for trash and donations. Have a few bins or boxes for items that don't really belong in the closet but will be moved elsewhere. Be realistic. Do you really need or want each item?

Ellis' mantra is, "If you haven't seen it, needed it, or worn it in one year, get rid of it."

Nwogugu's friend had three questions when they came to every piece of clothing: Does it fit? Have you worn it in the last 12 months? Is there some sentimental value strong enough to keep it?  If the answers are no, toss it in one of three options -- in a bag for charity, to sell at a garage sale or on eBay, or for the trash heap.

Nwogugu went through the same procedure for her husband's clothes and shoes as well as her children's.  "By the time we were done with clothing, we had over 15 hefty trash bags of stuff for Salvation Army."

Organization Tips for Your Clutter-Free Action Plan

Here are more steps to help you clear clutter from your life:

Organize In Bite-Size Bits: If the thought of getting organized completely overwhelms you, set a timer for just 15 minutes a day. Knowing you won't spend hours working on an organizational project might make working in small nuggets easier to manage.

Mainstream Email: Instead of checking email with each ding of the inbox, read your emails on a regular basis only twice a day. When you open an email, answer it immediately and don't save it for later.

Handle Snail Mail Only Once: Create a special time and place to read your snail mail regularly. During the appointed time, open the mail and immediately take action on it. File it with bills, shred it, toss it in the trash, etc. Commit to touching each piece of mail immediately and only once.

Avoid Horizontal Piles: When possible, avoid putting paper in horizontal stacks in your home or office. Save time and frustration by categorizing and finding a home for paper as soon as it comes through the door.

Purge Regularly:This applies to every room in the house but don't forget the kitchen and bathroom. Check expiration dates regularly on medicines, vitamins, supplements, and cosmetics. Stick to the "when in doubt, throw it out" rule. If you can't remember when you purchased it, let it go.

The first day after Nwogugu de-cluttered she walked around her apartment, remembering why she loved it. She no longer felt the need to escape. She looked forward to writing. "All around, I feel much better," she says.

Thanks to Jennifer Nelson / Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD / WebMD
 

 


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Avoid Capital Offenses When Using Job Titles

When it comes to mechanical aspects of writing, few details seem to trip writers up as much as capitalization: when to use uppercase letters, and when to use lowercase letters.

Specific job titles preceding a person's name are capitalized, but descriptions are not. For example, "Marketing Director John Doe" is correct, but "Marketing Chief John Doe" is not, unless "marketing chief" is John Doe's actual title. After a name, titles are lowercase regardless of whether they are specific or general: "John Doe, marketing director at ABC Industries."

If you modify even a specific job title, such as noting that someone no longer holds a position, what appears to be specific becomes an apposition, part of a job description rather than a title: "former marketing director John Doe."

Some style guides disregard this last rule, and some publications choose to capitalize "president" when referring to the head of state even when the word appears in isolation from the title holder's name, but this is an unnecessary nicety. Likewise, ordinary job titles in isolation are never capitalized. For example, the job title in "The park ranger asked for our permit" is a mere description, and needs no emphasis.

Job titles are at times absurdly attenuated, and placing them before a person's name can wear readers out. Confronted with a magnificent moniker like "Oracle Principal Product Manager for Windows Technologies John Doe," relax the identification a bit: "John Doe, Oracle's principal product manager for Windows technologies" (the proper name Windows remains capitalized even after the name), is a gentler approach.

Capitalization of job titles and general descriptions alike is permitted in direct address — when you are writing to someone (or transcribing a speech directed at them) and using the title or description in place of a name: "That's an order, Sergeant"; "I'll get right on it, Chief."

Capitalize formal and informal family-relationship labels, too, as in "If only Father were here" and "I'll tell Mom!" but not in "Wait until your father gets home!" or "I saw your mom yesterday." Terms of endearment aren't capitalized, either: "I'll get it, dear."

Most terms of respect are capitalized ("I object, Your Honor"), but "sir" or "ma'am"/"miss" are not (unless you are addressing a letter or an email, in which case you should write "Dear Sir" or the equivalent).

The take-away about titles: Capitalization is seldom called for. Unless you're using a person's exact job title, and only the job title, immediately before that person's name, chances are you shouldn't capitalize it.

Thanks to Daily Writing Tips


 


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