Andrew Jackson Part 2 (US History)(March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) (Documentary) (Biography) (US History)(History) (Politics) [3579]
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Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American
soldier and political leader who served as the seventh president of the United
States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson
gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of
Congress. As president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the
"common man" against a "corrupt aristocracy" and to
preserve the Union.
Born in the colonial Carolinas to a Scotch-Irish family in
the decade before the American Revolutionary War, Jackson became a frontier
lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He served briefly in the U.S. House
of Representatives and the U.S. Senate representing Tennessee. After resigning,
he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804.
Jackson purchased a property later known as The Hermitage, and became a
wealthy, slave-owning planter. In 1801, he was appointed colonel of the
Tennessee militia and was elected its commander the following year. He led
troops during the Creek War of 1813–1814, winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
The subsequent Treaty of Fort Jackson required the Creek surrender of vast
lands in present-day Alabama and Georgia. In the concurrent war against the
British, Jackson's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national
hero. Jackson then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War, which led to the
annexation of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first
territorial governor before returning to the Senate. He ran for president in
1824, winning a plurality of the popular and electoral vote. As no candidate
won an electoral majority, the House of Representatives elected John Quincy
Adams in a contingent election. In reaction to the alleged "corrupt
bargain" between Adams and Henry Clay and the ambitious agenda of
President Adams, Jackson's supporters founded the Democratic Party.
Jackson ran again in 1828, defeating Adams in a landslide.
Jackson faced the threat of secession by South Carolina over what opponents
called the "Tariff of Abominations." The crisis was defused when the
tariff was amended, and Jackson threatened the use of military force if South
Carolina attempted to secede. In Congress, Henry Clay led the effort to
reauthorize the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson, regarding the Bank
as a corrupt institution, vetoed the renewal of its charter. After a lengthy
struggle, Jackson and his allies thoroughly dismantled the Bank. In 1835,
Jackson became the only president to completely pay off the national debt,
fulfilling a longtime goal. His presidency marked the beginning of the
ascendancy of the party "spoils system" in American politics. In
1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which forcibly relocated most
members of the Native American tribes in the South to Indian Territory. In
foreign affairs, Jackson's administration concluded a "most favored
nation" treaty with Great Britain, settled claims of damages against
France from the Napoleonic Wars, and recognized the Republic of Texas. In
January 1835, he survived the first assassination attempt on a sitting
president.
In his retirement, Jackson remained active in Democratic
Party politics, supporting the presidencies of Martin Van Buren and James K.
Polk. Though fearful of its effects on the slavery debate, Jackson advocated
the annexation of Texas, which was accomplished shortly before his death.
Jackson has been widely revered in the United States as an advocate for
democracy and the common man. Many of his actions, such as those during the
Bank War, proved divisive, garnering both fervent support and strong opposition
from many in the country. His reputation has suffered since the 1970s, largely
due to his role in Indian removal. Surveys of historians and scholars have
ranked Jackson favorably among United States presidents.
Early Life And Education: - Andrew Jackson was born on
March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaws region of the Carolinas. His parents were
Scots-Irish colonists Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson, Presbyterians
who had emigrated from present day Northern Ireland two years earlier.
Jackson's father was born in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, in current-day
Northern Ireland, around 1738. Jackson's parents lived in the village of Boney
before, also in County Antrim. His paternal family line originated in
Killingswold Grove, Yorkshire, England.
When they immigrated to North America in 1765, Jackson's
parents probably landed in Philadelphia. Most likely they traveled overland
through the Appalachian Mountains to the Scots-Irish community in the Waxhaws,
straddling the border between North and South Carolina. They brought two
children from Ireland, Hugh (born 1763) and Robert (born 1764). Jackson's
father died in a logging accident while clearing land in February 1767 at the
age of 29, three weeks before his son Andrew was born. Jackson, his mother, and
his brothers lived with Jackson's aunt and uncle in the Waxhaws region, and
Jackson received schooling from two nearby priests.
Jackson's exact birthplace is unclear because of a lack of
knowledge of his mother's actions immediately following her husband's funeral.
The area was so remote that the border between North and South Carolina had not
been officially surveyed. In 1824, Jackson wrote a letter saying that he was
born on the plantation of his uncle James Crawford in Lancaster County, South
Carolina. Jackson may have claimed to be a South Carolinian because the state
was considering nullification of the Tariff of 1824, which he opposed. In the
mid-1850s, second-hand evidence indicated that he might have been born at a
different uncle's home in North Carolina. As a young boy, Jackson was easily
offended and was considered something of a bully. He was, however, said to have
taken a group of younger and weaker boys under his wing and been very kind to
them.
Revolutionary War Service :- During the Revolutionary War,
Jackson's eldest brother, Hugh, died from heat exhaustion after the Battle of
Stono Ferry on June 20, 1779. Anti-British sentiment intensified following the
brutal Waxhaws Massacre on May 29, 1780. Jackson's mother encouraged him and
his elder brother Robert to attend the local militia drills. Soon, they began
to help the militia as couriers. They served under Colonel William Richardson
Davie at the Battle of Hanging Rock on August 6. Andrew and Robert were
captured by the British in 1781 while staying at the home of the Crawford
family. When Andrew refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the
officer slashed at the youth with a sword, leaving him with scars on his left
hand and head, as well as an intense hatred for the British. Robert also
refused to do as commanded and was struck with the sword. The two brothers were
held as prisoners, contracted smallpox, and nearly starved to death in
captivity.
Later that year, their mother Elizabeth secured the
brothers' release. She then began to walk both boys back to their home in the
Waxhaws, a distance of some 40 miles (64 km). Both were in very poor health.
Robert, who was far worse, rode on the only horse that they had, while Andrew
walked behind them. In the final two hours of the journey, a torrential
downpour began which worsened the effects of the smallpox. Within two days of
arriving back home, Robert was dead and Andrew in mortal danger. After nursing
Andrew back to health, Elizabeth volunteered to nurse American prisoners of war
on board two British ships in the Charleston harbor, where there had been an
outbreak of cholera. In November, she died from the disease and was buried in
an unmarked grave. Andrew became an orphan at age 14. He blamed the British
personally for the loss of his brothers and mother.
Presidency (1829–1837) ... Philosophy: - Jackson's name has
been associated with Jacksonian democracy or the shift and expansion of
democracy with the passing of some political power from established elites to
ordinary voters based in political parties. "The Age of Jackson"
shaped the national agenda and American politics. Jackson's philosophy as
president was similar to that of Jefferson, advocating Republican values held
by the Revolutionary generation. Jackson took a moral tone, with the belief
that agrarian sympathies, and a limited view of states’ rights and the federal
government, would produce less corruption. He feared that moneyed and business
interests would corrupt republican values. When South Carolina opposed the
tariff law, he took a strong line in favor of nationalism and against
secession.
Jackson believed in the ability of the people to
"arrive at right conclusions." They had the right not only to elect
but also to "instruct their agents & representatives." Office
holders should either obey the popular will or resign. He rejected the view of
a powerful and independent Supreme Court with binding decisions, arguing
"the Congress, the Executive, and the Court must each or itself be guided
by its own opinions of the Constitution." Jackson thought that Supreme
Court justices should be made to stand for election, and believed in strict
constructionism as the best way to insure democratic rule. He called for term
limits on presidents and the abolition of the Electoral College. Jackson
"was far ahead of his times–and maybe even further than this country can
ever achieve."
Tags :- Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845), An
American Soldier, Statesman, Seventh President Of The United States From 1829
To 1837, USA History, Philadelphia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Prisoners,
Contracted Smallpox, Nearly Starved To Death In Captivity, British Ships In The
Charleston Harbor, Biography, US History, History, Politics, United States Of
America,
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