Tuesday, March 29, 2011

List Of Revolutions And Rebellions

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The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789, during the French Revolution

This is a list of revolutions and rebellions. (For a list of coups d'état and coup attempts, see List of coups d'état and coup attempts).

BC

  • c. 2380 BC (short chronology): A popular revolt in the Sumerian city of Lagash deposes King Lugalanda and puts the reformer Urukagina on the throne.
  • 615 BC: The Babylonians revolt against rule from the Assyrian empire.
  • 570 BC: A revolt broke out among native Egyptian soldiers, giving Amasis II opportunity to seize the throne.
  • 499–493 BC: The Ionian Revolt. Most of the Greek cities occupied by the Persians in Asia Minor and Cyprus rose up against their Persian rulers.
  • 464 BC: The Helot serfs revolt against their Spartan masters.
  • 460 BC: The Inarus revolted against the Persians in Egypt with the help of his Athenian allies.
  • 206 BC: Ziying, last ruler of the Qin Dynasty of China surrenders himself to Liu Bang, leader of a popular revolt and founder of the Han Dynasty.
  • 181–174 BC: The Celtiberian revolt in Spain; Romans eventually subdue the Celtiberians.
  • 154 BC: The failed Rebellion of the Seven States by members of the royal family of the Han Dynasty.
  • 153–133 BC: The Celtiberians again revolted, and were not finally overcome until the capture of Numantia.
  • 147–139 BC: The Lusitanian Rebellion against the Roman forces in modern day Portugal, led by Lusitanian leader named Viriathus.
  • 73–71 BC: The failed Roman slave rebellion, led by the gladiator Spartacus.
  • 52–51 BC: The revolt of the Celtic Gauls, led by Vercingetorix, was crushed by Julius Caesar.
  • 49–45 BC: Julius Caesar crossed the river Rubicon heading part of the Roman army and marched on Rome. After overthrowing and assuming control of Pompeian government, he was proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity".

1–999 AD

1000–1499

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The end of the unsuccessful Peasants' Revolt in England 1381. Rebel leader Wat Tyler is killed while Richard II watches. A second image within the painting shows Richard addressing the crowd.

1500–1699

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Bolotnikov's Battle with the Tsar's Army at Nizhniye Kotly Near Moscow by a Russian painter Ernest Lissner.
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Episode of the Fronde at the Faubourg Saint-Antoine by the Walls of the Bastille
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Scene from the Moscow Uprising: Natalia Naryshkina shows Ivan V to the Streltsy to prove that he well.

1700–1799

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Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781, during the American Revolutionary War.
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Depiction of the Battle of Vinegar Hill during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
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Battle at "Snake Gully" during the Haitian Revolution against French rule.

1800–1849

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Siege of Saragossa (1809): The French assault on the San Engracia monastery.
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Cheering revolutionaries during the Revolutions of 1848

1850–1899

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Battle of the Yangtze during the Taiping Rebellion.
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Confederate soldiers killed behind wall during the Battle of Chancellorsville of the American Civil War.
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Paris Commune, May 29, 1871
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Boxer rebellion fighting Eight-Nation Alliance
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The current Puerto Rican Flag was flown for the first time in Puerto Rico by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt

1900–1909

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Demonstrations in Istanbul during the Young Turk Revolution

1910–1919

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Leaders of the 1910 revolt after the First Battle of Juárez. Seen are José María Pino Suárez, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero (and his father), Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Gustavo Madero, Raul Madero, Abraham Gonzalez, and Giuseppe Garibaldi Jr.
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1917 - Execution at Verdun sometime in 1916

1920–1929

1930–1939

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Soldiers assembled in front of the Throne Hall, Siam, 24 June 1932
  • 1930: The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 led by Getúlio Vargas.
  • 1930: The Salt Satyagraha, a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India.
  • 1932: The Constitutionalist Revolution against the provisional president Getúlio Vargas led Brazil to a short civil war.
  • 1932: The Aprista revolt in Trujillo, Peru.
  • 1932: The 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising,(know as La matanza/"The Slaughter"), Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Martí
  • 1932: The Siamese coup d'état of 1932, sometimes called the "Promoters Revolution", ends absolute monarchy in Thailand.
  • 1933: The popular revolution against Cuban dictator Gerardo Machado.
  • 1934: In October, workers including radical socialists and anarchists stage coups in the Spanish regions of Asturias and Catalonia. The immediate cause was the entrance of a right-wing Catholic party into the government of the unstable Second Spanish Republic. The Asturian uprising was put down by General Francisco Franco.
  • 1935: Former Aide-de-camp of King Zog, Muharrem Bajraktari led a revolt against government in North Albania.
  • 1935: A secret anti-zogist organization led an uprising against government and King Zog in Fier and Lushnje.
  • 1936: The Febrerista Revolution, led by Rafael Franco, ended oligarchic Liberal Party rule in Paraguay.
  • 1936: General Francisco Franco led a coup and started the Spanish Civil War, leading to the Spanish Revolution.
  • 1936–1939: Arab revolt in Palestine attempts to gain control from the British and subdue the Jewish minority.
  • 1936–1939: A period of so-called "military socialism" in Bolivia follows a revolution in which celebrated war hero David Toro takes power. A constitution establishing a corporative state is promulgated in 1938, following the nationalization of Standard Oil and the passage of progressive labor laws.
  • 1937–1938: The Dersim Rebellion was the most important[12]Kurdish rebellion in modern Turkey.
  • 1937: The "Jornadas de Mayo", a workers' revolution in Catalonia.
  • 1937: The Revolt of Delvina, a revolt of gendarmerie and local peasants against King Zog.

1940–1949

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Patrol of Lieut. Stanisław Jankowski ("Agaton") from Battalion Pięść, 1 August 1944: "W-hour" (17:00)
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The PLA enters Beijing in the Pingjin Campaign and control the later capital of PRC
  • 1940–1944: The Insurgency in Chechnya.
  • 1940–1947: Mohammad Ali Jinnah's struggle for an separate state for the Muslims of India.
  • 1941: The June Uprising against the Soviet Union in Lithuania.
  • 1941–1945: Yugoslav People's Liberation War against the Axis Powers in World War II.
  • 1941-1944: Greek Resistance
  • 1942: Sri Lankan soldiers ignite the Cocos Islands Mutiny in an unsuccessful attempt to transfer the islands to Japanese control.
  • 1942: The destruction of the German garrison in Lenin.
  • 1943: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
  • 1943: The uprising at Treblinka extermination camp.
  • 1943: The uprising at Sobibór extermination camp.
  • 1943: The Woyane Rebellion in northern Ethiopia threatens to topple the newly restored government, and is put down with British help.
  • 1943-1945: Italian Resistance Movement against the Fascist Italian Social Republic, culminating in the 25th April final insurrection in Northern Italy.
  • 1944: The Guatemalan Revolution overthrows the dictator Federico Ponce Vaides by liberal military officers.
  • 1944: The Warsaw Uprising was an armed struggle during the Second World War by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) to liberate Warsaw from German occupation and Nazi rule. It started on 1 August 1944.
  • 1944: The Paris Uprising staged by the French Resistance against the German Paris garrison.
  • 1944: The Slovak National Uprising against Nazi Germany.
  • 1944: The uprising at Auschwitz extermination camp.
  • 1944–1947: A Communist-friendly government was installed in Bulgaria following a coup d'état and the Soviet invasion.
  • 1944: Following the liberation of Albania, the Communist Party of Albania under Enver Hoxha consolidated its control and declared the People's Republic of Albania in January 1946.
  • 1944–1949: The Greek Civil War.
  • 1944–1965: The Forest Brothers Rebellion in Baltic states against Soviet Union.
  • 1945: The first anti-communist revolt in Eastern Europe in Koplik, Albania led by bayraktars and intellectuals.
  • 1945–1949: The Indonesian National Revolution against Dutch after their independence from Japan. Led by Soekarno, Hatta, Tan Malaka, etc. with the Dutch led by Van Mook.
  • 1945: The Prague uprising against German occupation during World War II.
  • 1945: The August Revolution led by Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from French rule.
  • 1945: A democratic revolution in Venezuela, led by Rómulo Betancourt.
  • 1946: The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny takes place in Bombay, and spreads to different parts of British India, demanding Indian independence.
  • 1946: Another attempt of anti-communist forces in Albania to take out the government takes place in Shkoder.
  • 1947: Three months after an abortive coup, civil war broke out in Paraguay. The rebellion was crushed by the government of dictator Higinio Morínigo.
  • 1946–1951: The Telengana Rebellion: a Communist-led peasant revolt in Hyderabad State, India.
  • 1947 : Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan waged and led a guerrilla war against the Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir and formed a revolutionary Government on 24th of October under his Presidency. He captured a large area of Kashmir called Azad Kashmir.
  • 1947 : Mohammad ali jinnah's struggle against British and Pakistan came into being
  • 1947–1952: In the Albanian Subversion, the intelligence services of the United States and Britain deployed exiled fascists, Nazis, and monarchists in a failed attempt to foment a counterrevolution in Communist-ruled Albania.
  • 1947: Angami Zapu Phizo declared the independence of Nagaland from India only to be subdued by the Indian army.
  • 1947: The 228 Massacre occurred following discontent and resentment of the native Taiwanese under the early rule of the KMT of the island.
  • 1948: The Costa Rican Civil War precipitated by the vote of the Costa Rican Legislature, dominated by pro-government representatives, to annul the results of the presidential election of 1948.
  • 1948: Following the liberation of Korea, Marxist former guerrillas under Kim Il Sung work to rapidly industrialize the country and rid it of the last vestiges of "feudalism.".
  • 1948–1960: The Malayan Emergency.
  • 1949: The Communist-led Chinese Revolution under chairman Mao overthrows the ruling Nationalist Party and establishes the People's Republic of China.

1950–1959

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Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s here
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Barricades in Algiers. "Long live Massu" (Vive Massu) is written on the banner. (January 1960)
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Raúl Castro (left), with his arm around second-in-command, Ernesto "Che" Guevara, in their Sierra de Cristal Mountain stronghold in Oriente Province Cuba, 1958.

1960–1969

  • 1960: A group of disaffected Ethiopian officers make an unsuccessful attempt to depose Emperor Haile Selassie and replace him with a more progressive government, but are defeated by the rest of the Ethiopian military.
  • 1961–1991: The Eritrean War of Independence led by Isaias Afewerki against Ethiopia.
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Portuguese soldiers in Angola
  • 1961–1975: The Angolan War of Independence began as an uprising against forced cotton harvesting, and became a multi-faction struggle for control of Portugal's Overseas Province of Angola.
  • 1962–1974: The leftist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) wages a revolutionary war of independence in Portuguese Guinea. In 1973, the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau is proclaimed, and the next year the republic's independence is recognized by the reformist military junta in Lisbon.
  • 1962: The military coup of 1962 in Burma, led by General Ne Win, who became the country's strongman.
  • 1962: A revolution in northern Yemen overthrew the imam and established the Yemen Arab Republic.
  • 1963–1967: The Aden Emergency was an insurgency against British crown forces in the eastern and southern parts of what is now the country of Yemen on the southern Arabian Peninsula.
  • 1963-1969: The Bale revolt in southern Ethiopia, was a guerrilla war by local Somali and Oromo against Amhara settlers.
  • 1964: The Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the 157-year-old Arab monarchy, declared the People's Republic of Zanzibar, and began the process of unification with Julius Nyerere's Tanganyika.
  • 1964–1979: The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Second Chimurenga or the Liberation Struggle, was a guerrilla war which lasted from July 1964 to 1979 and led to universal suffrage, the end of white-rule in Zimbabwe Rhodesia, and the creation of the Republic of Zimbabwe.
  • 1964: The October Revolution in Sudan, driven by a general strike and rioting, forced President Ibrahim Abboud to transfer executive power to a transitional civilian government, and eventually to resign.
  • 1964–1975: The Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO), formed in 1962, commenced a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonialism. Independence was granted on June 25, 1975; however, the Mozambican Civil War complicated the political situation and frustrated FRELIMO's attempts at radical change. The war continued into the early 1990s after the government dropped Marxism as the state ideology.
  • 1964–present: The Colombian Armed Conflict.
  • 1965: The March Intifada in Bahrain: a Leftist uprising demanding an end to the British presence in Bahrain.
  • 1966: Kwame Nkrumah is removed from power in Ghana by coup d'état.
  • 1966–1993: A guerrilla warfare was conducted against the government of François Tombalbaye from the Sudan-based group FROLINAT.
  • 1966–1998: The Ulster Volunteer Force was recreated by militant Protestant British loyalists in Northern Ireland to wage war against the Irish Republican Army and the Roman Catholic community at large.
  • 1967–1968 Iraqi communists launched an insurgency in southern Iraq.[14]
  • 1967–1970: Biafra: The former eastern Nigeria unsuccessfully fought for a breakaway republic of Biafra, after the mainly Ibo people of the region suffered pogroms in northern Nigeria the previous year.
  • 1967: The Naxalite Movement begins in India, led by the AICCCR.
  • 1967: Anguillans resentful of Kittitian domination of the island expelled the Kittitian police and declared independence from the British colony of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. British forces retook the island in 1969 and made Anguilla a separate dependency in 1980. There was no bloodshed in the entire episode.
  • 1968: The revolution in the Republic of Congo.
  • 1968: Student protests and riots in Egypt in the wake of the Six-Day War lead to the ratification of the March 30 Program to deepen democratic processes.
  • 1968: The May 1968 revolt: students' and workers' revolt against the government of Charles de Gaulle in France.
  • 1968: A coup by Juan Velasco Alvarado in Peru, followed by radical social and economic reforms.
  • 1968: A failed attempt by leader Alexander Dubček to liberalise Czechoslovakia in defiance of the Soviet-supported communist state culminates in the Prague Spring.
  • 1969–1998: The Troubles: the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other Republican Paramilitaries waged an armed campaign against British Security forces and Loyalist Paramilitaries in an attempt to bring about a United Ireland.
  • 1969: A mass movement of workers, students, and peasants in Pakistan forced the resignation of President Mohammad Ayub Khan.
  • 1969: Somalia's multiparty system supplanted by a military socialist government under Siad Barre.
  • 1969–present: Communist insurgency by the New People's Army in the Philippines.
  • 1969: The Days of Rage in Chicago October 8-10. Weatherman led uprising of around 300 students quickly surpressed by police

1970–1979

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Khomeini returns to Iran after 14 years exile on February 1, 1979
  • 1970: A rebellion in Guinea by what its government identified as Portuguese agents.
  • 1971: The Bangladesh Liberation War led by the Mukti Bahini establishes the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh from the former East Pakistan.
  • 1972: A revolution in Benin.
  • 1972: A military-led revolution against the civilian government of President Philibert Tsiranana in the Malagasy Republic; a Marxist faction takes power in 1975 under Didier Ratsiraka, modeled on the North Korean juche theory developed by Kim Il Sung.
  • 1973: Mohammad Daud Khan overthrows the monarchy and establishes a republic in Afghanistan.
  • 1973: Worker-student demonstrations in Thailand force dictator Thanom Kittikachorn and two close associates to flee the country, beginning a short period of democratic constitutional rule.
  • 1974: A revolution in Ethiopia.
  • 1974: The Carnation Revolution overthrows of right-wing dictatorship in Portugal.
  • 1975 - 1991: The Western Sahara War was a conflict between the Sahrawi national liberation movement named POLISARIO against the armies of their neighbours, Morocco and Mauritania, who have entered the territory when the Spanish colonizers troops fled.
  • 1975: A revolution in Cambodia.
  • 1975: A revolution in Laos by guerrilla forces of the Pathet Lao overthrows the monarchy.
  • 1975: 15 August, coup led by young military officers and the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in Bangladesh.
  • 1975: A revolution in Cape Verde.
  • 1975: Coup led by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafaat Jamil in Bangladesh to depose President Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad. Three days later a counter-coup by Colonel Abu Taher puts Ziaur Rahman in power.
  • 1976: Student demonstrations and election-related violence in Thailand lead police to open fire on a sit-in at Thammasat University, killing hundreds. The military seizes power the next day, ending constitutional rule.
  • 1977: The Market Women's Revolt in Guinea leads to a lessening of the state's role in the economy.
  • 1978: The Saur Revolution led by the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan deposes and kills President Mohammad Daud Khan.
  • 1979: New Jewel Movement led by Maurice Bishop launch an armed revolution and overthrow the government of Eric Gairy in Grenada.
  • 1979: The popular overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship by progressive/Marxist Nicaraguan Revolution.
  • 1979: The Iranian Revolution overthrows the Shah, resulting in the formation of Islamic republic of Iran.
  • 1979: Cambodia is liberated from the Khmer Rouge regime by the Vietnam-backed Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party.

1980–1989

1990–1999

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Russian Mil Mi-8 helicopter downed by Chechens near Grozny, December 1994

2000–present

Attacks in Lanao del Norte in the Philippines by Moro Islamic Liberation Front led by Kumander Bravo and Umbrfa Kato.

  • 2009: After the disputed Iranian presidential election, an uprising known as the Green Movement started in Iran, demanding the resignation of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
  • 2009: 2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh killing 57 army officers.
  • 2009: In January, a popular uprising called the saucepan revolution brought down the Icelandic government 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests, after the collapse of the Icelandic financial system in October 2008.
  • 2010: 2010 Kyrgyzstani uprising.
  • 2010: Riots in Bangkok.

Cultural, intellectual, philosophical and technological revolutions

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A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.

The term revolution is also used to denote trends which have resulted in great social changes outside the political sphere, such as changes in mores, culture, philosophy or technology. Many have been global, while others have been limited to single countries. Such revolutions include, in alphabetical order:

  • The Agricultural Revolutions, which include:
  • The Commercial Revolution: A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century.
  • The Counterculture of the 1960s (approximately 1960–1973) was a social revolution that originated in the United States and United Kingdom, and eventually spread to other western nations. The themes of this movement included the anti-war movement, rebellion against conservative norms, drug use, and the sexual revolution (see below).
    • The Sexual revolution: A change in sexual morality and sexual behavior throughout the Western world, mainly during the 1960s and 1970s.
  • The Cultural Revolution: A struggle for power within the Communist Party of China, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the People's Republic of China to the brink of civil war, and which lasted from 1966 to 1976.
  • The Digital Revolution: The sweeping changes brought about by computing and communication technology, starting from circa 1950 with the creation of the first general-purpose electronic computers.
  • The Industrial Revolution: The major shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th century and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world.
  • The Price revolution: A series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th, the price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe.
  • The Quiet Revolution: A period of rapid change in Quebec, Canada, in the 1960s. This leads to the separatist movement for Quebec sovereignty and two referendums.
  • The Scientific revolution: A fundamental transformation in scientific ideas around the 16th century.
  • The Upper Paleolithic Revolution: The emergence of "high culture", new technologies and regionally distinct cultures.
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